๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ 2020-1ํ•™๊ธฐ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€ ์ด์ถฉํ˜• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ โ€˜์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™โ€™ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์„œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :)

11 minute read

๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ 2020-1ํ•™๊ธฐ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€ ์ด์ถฉํ˜• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ โ€˜์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™โ€™ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์„œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :)

์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ:
Ch.01: Classical Accounts of Space and Time, from Philosophy of Physics: Space and Time, Tim Maudlin, 2012


์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ตณ์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๋žต or ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์ŠคAristotle์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™

Aristotle defined the nature of an object as an internal source of motion and rest that belongs to an object primarily and properly and nonaccidentally.

Thus, for Aristotle, the nature of an object is revealed by how the object moves, and stops moving.

๋Œ๋งน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฌผ ์†์˜ ๊ธฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ โ€˜๋ณธ์„ฑโ€™์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 4์›์†Œ์„ค!!
ํ™ & ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
๋ถˆ & ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ์›์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ5์›์†Œ์ธ ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅดaether๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด โ€œํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆโ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ๋ž€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๊ธฐ์— ํ™ & ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ ๊ณ๋“ค์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ด€์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€-์ค‘์„ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ฝ์–ด๋งค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋ŸฌKepler ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ 1600๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊นจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.


๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๋‰ดํ„ด์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„

Law I

Every body preseverse in its state either of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by impressed forces.

๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

  1. ๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
    Newtonโ€™s law governs every body.

  2. ๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
    Newton does not ascribe any particular natural motion to a body.

    ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์„ฑInertia์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง„์˜ ์šด๋™ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์šด๋™์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„Absolute space๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด๋™์€ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ๋ฅ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ผ๋‹จ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋…€์„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค ใ…œใ… 

๋‰ดํ„ด์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„

์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ 3์ฐจ์›์˜ ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ $E^3$๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ $E^3$๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค!
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ $E^3$ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ณต๋ฆฌaxiom๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค.

  1. Topology
    ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐgeometric structure๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ Topology์ด๋‹ค.
    ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Topology๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด continuity๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
    ํŽœ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋–ผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋„ํ˜•์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ line๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋Š์–ด์ง„ ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

    Topology๋ฅผ rubber-sheet goemetry๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
    ์ฐข์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฎ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌดํŒ ์œ„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋„ํ˜•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŽด๋„ ๋„ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
    ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•deformation์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— intersectํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ intersectํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋งŒ์•ฝ Topology๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” connected์™€ disconnected๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

  2. Affinity = straight-edge
    ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

    a. It is possible to draw a straight line from any point to any point.
    b. It is possible to extend any finite straight line continuously in a straight line.

    ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1๋ฒˆ์˜ Topology๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ a, b๋ฒˆ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Affine Structure๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

    Affine ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ์ ์˜ ์Œpair์„ ์žก์•„๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๋์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ง์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ•œ ์ง์„ ์„ ์žก๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค!

    ๋งŒ์•ฝ Affinity๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ํž ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

  3. Metric = distance & length
    1๋ฒˆ์˜ Topology์™€ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ Affinity ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธธ์ดlength๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌdistance์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ € ๋‘ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด, ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ Metric์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

    ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

    c. A complete, continuous, closed circle can be drawn with any given center and radius.

    ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํผ์Šคcompass๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.


์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜transformation์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ€์ด ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

  1. Topological Transformation
    ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ง์„ ์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
    carries continuous lines into continuous lines.

  2. Affine Transformation
    ์ง์„ ์„ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    map straight lines onto straight lines.
    ๋‘ ์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์›circle์ด ํƒ€์›ellipses์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  3. Isometry
    ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌdistance๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    map from a space onto itself that preserves distance.
    ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์›์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋•Œ, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฐ Transformation์— ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค!

๋ชจ๋“  Isometry๋Š” Affine Transformation์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ ,
Every isometry is an affine transformation.
๋ชจ๋“  Affine Transformation์€ Topological Transformation์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค.
Every affine transformation is a topological transformation.


three_transformation

์ €์ž๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ Topological structure์™€ Affine structure ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” Differentiable structure๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค!!

์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค๋ˆํ•œsmooth ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œsharp ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ Diffeomorphism์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งค๋ˆํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋งค๋ˆํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. map smooth curves into smooth curves.
๊ธฐ์กด ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ Topological transformation์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, Diffeomorphism์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค!

์ž!
์ด์ œ $E^3$๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์†์ง์„ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ด๋ณด์ž.

๋จผ์ €, ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ Topology๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ Topology๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šด๋™์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค!

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง์„  ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด Affine Structure๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์†์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด Metrical Structure๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค! ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ โ€˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌโ€™๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.


๋‰ดํ„ด์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ„

๊ทธ๋Š” ์šด๋™์ด $E^3$์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์•„๋ž˜, ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ง€์— ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ง€ํ•ด์žˆ์Œ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ??

๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ง€ํ•ด์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A body is at absolute rest when it occupies the same points of absolute space over a period of time.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” absolute uniform motion in a straight line1์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„absolute space์•ˆ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ถค์ trajectory์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ถค์ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด Topology์™€ Affinity๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  uniform์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. it covers the same distance in the same time. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ โ€˜๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด Metric ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ดํ„ด ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ Topology, Affinity, Metric์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” 1์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‰ดํ„ด์˜ ์šด๋™๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐโ†’๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ ค๋‹ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์ œ1๋ฒ•์น™์˜ โ€˜์ •์ง€โ€™์™€ โ€˜์šด๋™โ€™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์›€์ง์ด์ง€๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์šด๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ โ€˜์ƒ๋Œ€์ โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ‘œ์ƒํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ ์šด๋™์„ โ€˜์ƒ๋Œ€์ โ€™์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.


  1. uniform motion์— ์ง์„  ์šด๋™๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. uniform circular motion๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.ย