๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ 2020-1ํ•™๊ธฐ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€ ์ด์ถฉํ˜• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ โ€˜์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™โ€™ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์„œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :)

18 minute read

๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ 2020-1ํ•™๊ธฐ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€ ์ด์ถฉํ˜• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ โ€˜์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™โ€™ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์„œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :)

์ฃผ์˜!:
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ธ€์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์–‘ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ง€์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ใ…œใ… 

์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ:
The Puzzles, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Wasserman, Fall 2017 ed. link


metaphysics๋Š” ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™(ๅฝข่€ŒไธŠๅญธ)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

โ€˜ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™โ€™์ด๋ž€ โ€œ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ

  • Q. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์งœ์ธ๊ฐ€?
  • Q. โ€˜์กด์žฌโ€™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?(=์กด์žฌ๋ก )
  • Q. โ€˜๋‚˜โ€™๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€?
  • Q. โ€˜์‹ โ€™์€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
  • Q. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ โ€˜์˜์ง€โ€™๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด๊ฐ€?
  • Q. โ€˜๋ณ€ํ™”โ€™๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?

๋“ฑ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๊ธ€์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ผฝ์ž๋ฉด,

  • Q. โ€˜๋™์ผ(Identity)โ€™์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
  • Q. โ€˜๋ณ€ํ™”โ€™๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?

์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญ์„ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.


The Debtorโ€™s Paradox1

์ด ์—ญ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์ŠคHeraclitus๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Everything is in Flux?

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋“ฏ์ด, ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ํ๋ฆ„flux๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

B.C. 500๋…„, ์—ํ”ผ์นด๋ฅด๋ชจ์ŠคEpicharmus๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธbody์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ํฌ๊ทน๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํฌ๊ทน์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฒ ํ•™์ž์™€ ์ œ์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ๊ฐ•์— ๋„๋ฆฐ ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€?
์ œ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ์˜ˆ, ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ž๊ฐˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ด ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ๊ฐ€?โ€
์ œ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ์— ์ž๊ฐˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์ „์— ๋บ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๊ฐˆ์„ ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ด ์ž๊ฐˆ ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ๊ฐ€?โ€
์ œ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€œ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Š™๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.โ€
One man grows and another shrinks, and so we change all the time. Never we are the same as we were just before and never weโ€™ll be the same again.


ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ์ด ๊ถํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜์ผ๋…„ ํ›„โ€™์— ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐš์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.

์ผ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„, ์ œ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ณ , ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐš๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‚˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐš์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค.โ€

๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒจ ํŒจ๊ณ ๋Š” ์žฌํŒ์žฅ์— ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์—‰๋šฑํ•จ์ด ๋ฌป์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ํฌ๊ทน์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค.

๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ œ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐš์„ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
ํ˜„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ฑ๋ก์ฆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด, ์ œ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ฑ๋ก์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ์ž์˜ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ œ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ(body)์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค.

The Puzzle of Dion and Theon

์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
dion_and_theon_1
STDP, DTDP, DTSP ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, Same-time, Same-place์ธ STSP๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€๊ณผ ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค! โ€œThe puzzle of Dion and Theonโ€์€ ์ด STSP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋‹ค.

์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Dion์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Dion์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, Dion์˜ ์™ผ๋ฐœ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ proper part๋ฅผ โ€œTheonโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ž. Define โ€˜Theonโ€™ as a proper part of Dion
dion_and_theon_2
๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  Dion์ด ์™ผ๋ฐœ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ Dion์€ ๊ทธ์˜ proper part์ธ Theon๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?

์ €์ž Wasserman๋Š” Dion์ด ์ฃฝ๊ณ , Theon์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Dion & Theon ์—ญ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค!!
(์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” Wasserman์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)


  1. Both Dion and Theon exist.
  2. Neither Dion nor Theon exist.
  3. Dion exist but Theon does not.
  4. Theon exist but Dion does not.

์ฃผ์žฅ1์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•

์ฃผ์žฅ1: Both Dion and Theon exist.

์ฒซ๋‚ ์— Dion๊ณผ Theon์€ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์—๋Š” Dion๊ณผ Theon์ด ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
(1) Dion๊ณผ Theon์€ numerically distinctํ•˜๋‹ค.
(2) Dion๊ณผ Theon์€ ๋™์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ STSP ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์— Dion๊ณผ Theon์ด ๋‘˜์ด โ€˜๋™์ผidenticalโ€˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Indiscenibility of Identical์„ ์œ„๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค!
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, Dion์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, Theon์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋ฐœ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Dion once had two feet, but Theon had not.

์ฃผ์žฅ2๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ

์ฃผ์žฅ2: Neither Dion nor Theon exist.

Dion๊ณผ Theon์ด ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์ง๊ด€์ counter-intuitiveํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์žฅ3์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ

์ฃผ์žฅ3: Dion exist but Theon does not.

Q. ์™œ Dion์ด ์‚ด๊ณ , Theon์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
(1) The concept of persion is maximal: the proper parts of person are not themseelves persons.
(2) Therefore, โ€˜Theonโ€™ before the amputation was not a person.
(3) Persons are essentially persons, and hence non-persons are essentially non-persons.
(4) Therefore, โ€˜Theonโ€™ before the amputation was essentially a non-person.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ amputation of left foot๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. Dion์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ Dion์€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค.
(5) โ€˜Theonโ€™ could not have survived a change that would have made it, if it survived, a person.
(6) The amputation of Dionโ€™s left foot is a change that would have made Theon, if it survived, a person.
(7) Therefore, โ€˜Theonโ€™ did not survive from the amputation of Dionโ€™s right foot, and so does not exist after the amputation.

์ฃผ์žฅ4์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ

์ฃผ์žฅ4: Theon exist but Dion does not.

์ฃผ์žฅ4๋Š” โ€œMereological essentialismโ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ก ์  ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜
์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2

โ€œwholes have their parts essentially.โ€
โ€œIF an object were to lose or gain a part, it would cease to exist; it would no longer be the original object but a new and different one.โ€

So, then โ€˜Dionโ€™ ceases to eist when he loses his left foot, but โ€˜Theonโ€™ continues to exist.

์ €์ž Wasserman๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ก ์  ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅ4์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ4์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.


The Ship of Theseus Puzzle

์ด ์—ญ์„ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์ŠคTheseus๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ถ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋…ธํƒ€์šฐ๋ฅด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „์„ค์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?

ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ ์—ญ์„ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค.

theseus_ship
โ–ฒ photo from youtube channel, Wireless Philosophy

์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š” ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ์ฒ™์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋„ํŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ก์•„์„œ ๋งค๋…„ ๋„ํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›์ด ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋‚ก์€ ๋„ํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋งค๋…„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์—์„œ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 100๋…„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋‹ˆ ์›๋ž˜ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„ํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ํ•œ ์ฒ™, ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›์˜ ์ง‘์— ํ•œ ์ฒ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์งœ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ธ๊ฐ€?

์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์žฅ1: ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์žฅ2: ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ก์€ ๋„ํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ค.

์ €์ž Wasserman๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€œํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€, ๋„ํŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ Same-time, Same-place(STSP)์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์•ˆ ์„ ๋‹ค. (์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?)

ํ…Œ์„ธ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๋งํฌ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

Puzzles of Material Constitution

The Puzzle of the Statue and the Clay

๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ํ† ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ ํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์ด ๋ณธ ๊ธ€์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋‹ค.

statue_and_clay
์–ด๋Š ์›”์š”์ผ, ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์›€ํผ์˜ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋ฅผ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์ธ ํ™”์š”์ผ, ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์†๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์€ โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๊ธˆ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€ ์† ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?

์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ณธ์ธ์€ โ€˜์•„๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ ํ† ์ƒ์ด๋ž‘ ์ ํ† ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€!!โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์™œ ์—ญ์„ค์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ด ์—ญ์„ค์—์„œ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋…์€ โ€œโ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.โ€œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ ํ† ์ƒ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žกํžŒ ์ ํ† ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ ํ† ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ฆ‰, โ€œthe clay constitutes the staueโ€œ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด โ€˜constitutionโ€˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค!
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค๋“ฏ์ด, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ constitution์€ ๊ณง identity๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ์„ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€œโ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹คโ€œ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

(๊ทผ๊ฑฐ1) โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. differ in their temporal property
(๊ทผ๊ฑฐ2) โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. differ in their persistence conditions (= the conditions under which they would and would not continue to exist)
(๊ทผ๊ฑฐ3) โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. differ in their kind

โ€ป ์œ„์˜ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด non-categorical property๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. non-categorical properties, where these include all of the various ways that a thing was, will, would, could, and must be

Leibnizโ€™s Law: Identity of Indiscernibles ์‹๋ณ„๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ž ๋™์ผ์„ฑ ์›๋ฆฌ

์ด โ€œโ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹คโ€๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ Leibnizโ€™s Law๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ์ง€๋Š” Identity of Indiscernibles๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์ฒด $X$๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ์ฒด $Y$๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ฐ์ฒด $Y$๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ฒด $X$์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ, $X = Y$์ด๋‹ค.

์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด,

$\forall x\forall y\left[ \forall F \left( F\left( x \right) \leftrightarrow F\left( y \right) \right) \rightarrow x=y \right]$

์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ด ๋ช…์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ์ง„๋ช…์ œTautology๋Š”

๊ฐ์ฒด $X$๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.
$\forall x, x=x$

โ€ป Idenetity of Indiscernibles์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Idenetity of Indiscernibles์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. link

๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
(1) โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™์€ ์›”์š”์ผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”์š”์ผ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.)
(2) โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ์›”์š”์ผ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (๋‹จ, โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ํ™”์š”์ผ์—๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.)
(3) ๋งŒ์•ฝ (1), (2)๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ Identity of Indiscernibles์— ์˜ํ•ด โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
(4) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

์ž! ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” spatially coincident objects์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ3์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ €์ž Wasserman๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„œ๋กœ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(๋Œ€๋‹ต1) (4)์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
the constitution view & the temporal parts theory

(๋Œ€๋‹ต2) (1)์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™์€ ์›”์š”์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
the eliminativist view (์ œ๊ฑฐ์  ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ž)

(๋Œ€๋‹ต3) (2)๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ ํ† โ€™๊ฐ€ โ€˜์ ํ† ์ƒโ€™์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •
the eliminativist view & the dominant kinds view

(๋Œ€๋‹ต4) (3)์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ Leibnizโ€™s Law๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
the relative identity theory

(๋Œ€๋‹ต5) ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋งverbal์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
the deflationist view

โ€ป the eliminativist view์™€ the deflationist view์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งจ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์š”์•ฝ์„ ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

beyond โ€˜material constitutionโ€™

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ โ€˜material constitutionโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ puzzle๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒดentity์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. event, properties, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  group์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด event์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
Q. What is the relation between the attack and the kick?
A. the โ€˜kickโ€™ constitutes an โ€˜attackโ€™ โ‡’ event constitution

๋งบ์Œ๋ง

metaphysics_overview

์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™Metaphysics์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ณธ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” Material Constitution์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์–‘ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Introduction ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณผํ•™ ์ฒ ํ•™, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.


๋ณด์ถฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ

Eliminative materialism (or eliminativism) is the radical claim that our ordinary, common-sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist and have no role to play in a mature science of the mind.

[Reference] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philsophy link

According to the deflationism, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. For example, to say that โ€˜snow is whiteโ€™ is true, or that it is true that snow is white, is equivalent to saying simply that snow is white, and this, according to the deflationism, is all that can be said significantly about the truth of โ€˜snow is whiteโ€™.

[Reference] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philsophy link


Reference

์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ ์™ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. The Debtorโ€™s Paradox
  2. The Puzzle of Dion and Theon
  3. The ship of Theseue Puzzle
  4. The puzzle of the Statue and the Clay

  1. ๋˜๋Š” โ€œํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค์˜ ๋นšโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย 

  2. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ์ธ๋„ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค.ย 

  3. Same-time, Same-place(STSP)์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.ย