Covariate

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Covariate

โ€œCovariateโ€ is a continues independent variable in a regression or similar model. For instance, if you were modeling number of animals in a given area, you might have covariates such as temperature, season, latitude, altitude, time of day and so on.

ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(independent variable)์™€ ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(dependent variable)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์ด ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜จ๋„, ์œ„๋„, ๊ฒฝ๋„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

<Covariate>๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  independent variable์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋ก  continuous independent variable์„ <Covariate>๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

<Covariate>๋Š” ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์—†๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, <Covariate>๋Š” โ€œfeatureโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Covariate Shift

๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ, โ€œtraining set๊ณผ test set์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉโ€์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค training set๊ณผ test set์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ•™์Šต ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” Gap์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์—์„  Batch Normalization์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐโ€ฆ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ž! ๐Ÿ˜‰