Factor Group
2020-2νκΈ°, λνμμ βνλλμ1β μμ μ λ£κ³ 곡λΆν λ°λ₯Ό μ 리ν κΈμ λλ€. μ§μ μ μΈμ λ νμμ λλ€ :)
κ΅°λ‘ μμλ λ κ°μ§ μ’ λ₯μ Factor Groupμ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€.
- Factor Group from Normal Subgroup
- Factor Group from Homomorphism
Factor Groupμ μ μνλ €λ©΄, λ¨Όμ Factor Groupμμ μ¬μ©ν βcoset κ°μ μ°μ°βμ μ μν΄μΌ νλ€!
Theorem.
Let $H \le G$, THEN the left coset multiplication is well-defined by equation
\[\begin{equation} (aH)(bH) := abH \end{equation}\]μ΄λ, μμ μ (1)μ΄ μ±λ¦½νμ¬ μ°μ°μ΄ well-definedμ΄ λκΈ° μν΄μ
βThe left & right coset coincide, so that $aH = Ha \quad \forall a \in G$β
μ‘°κ±΄μ΄ λ§μ‘±λμ΄μΌ νλ€!! μ΄ μ‘°κ±΄μ $H$κ° $G$μ normal subgroupμμ λ§νλ€!!
proof.
($\implies$) Supp. that $(aH)(bH) = abH$ is well-defined.
To show $aH = Ha$,
\[\begin{aligned} (aH)(a^{-1}H) = aa^{-1}H = eH = H \\ \end{aligned}\]μ΄λ, $aHa^{-1} \cdot H = H$μμ μ’λ³μ κ²°κ³Όκ° $H$μ λ€μ λ€μ΄κ°μΌ νλ―λ‘ $aha^{-1} \in H$μΌ κ²μ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ $aHa^{-1} \subseteq H$
λ°λλ‘ $a^{-1}Ha \cdot H = H$μ λν΄μλ $a^{-1}Ha \subseteq H$μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»λλ€.
λ μ¬μ€μ μ μ‘°ν©νλ©΄,
\[\begin{aligned} aHa^{-1} \subseteq H & \implies aH \subseteq Ha \\ a^{-1}Ha \subseteq H & \implies Ha \subseteq aH \end{aligned}\]λ°λΌμ $aH = Ha$μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»λλ€. μ¦, left & right cosetμ΄ μΌμΉνλ normal subgroup $H$μ΄λ€!
λ°λ λ°©ν₯μ λν΄μλ μ¦λͺ μ ν΄λ³΄μ!
($\impliedby$) Supp.that $aH = Ha \quad \forall a \in G$.
To show β$(xH)(yH) = xyH$ is well-definedβ,
Let $xH = xβH$, and $yH = yβH$.
Then, we have to show $(xH)(yH) = (xβH)(yβH)$; i.e. $xyH = xβyβH$.
From $xH = xβH$, $xe = xβh_1$ for some $h_1 \in H$,
and from $yH = yβH$, $ye = yβh_2$ for some $h_2 \in H$.
Then, $xy = (xβh_1)(yβh_2)$μμ $H$κ° normal subgroupμ΄λ―λ‘ $(xβh_1)(yβh_2) = xβyβh_1h_2$.
λ°λΌμ $xyH = xβyβh_1h_2H = xβyβH$.
λ°λΌμ $H$κ° normal subgroupμ΄λ©΄, Factor Group operationμ μ μ μλλ€! $\blacksquare$
μ΄μ 본격μ μΌλ‘ Factor Groupμ λ§λ€μ΄λ³΄μ!!
Theorem.
Let $H \le G$ be a normal subgroup,
Then the set of cosets of $H$ forms a factor group $G/H$ ($G$ mod $H$) under the binary operation.
\[(aH)(bH) = abH\]proof.
μ€μ λ‘ $G/H$κ° GroupμΈμ§ νμΈνλ©΄ λλ€.
- Closed under opr; λΉμ°μ°
- Associativity; λΉμ°μ°
- Identity; $H$
- Inverse; $(aH)^{-1} = a^{-1}H$
Normal Subgroup
Normal Subgropμ $aH = Ha \quad (\forall a \in G)$λ‘ μ μλμ§λ§, μ΄ μ‘°κ±΄κ³Ό λμΉμΈ 쑰건λ€μ΄ λͺλͺ μλ€.
λνμ μΌλ‘
\[\begin{equation} aHa^{-1} \subseteq H \quad (\forall a \in G) \end{equation}\]μ΄λ€.
λΆλ±νΈ λ°©ν₯μ΄ ν λ°©ν₯μ΄λΌ $aHa^{-1} = H$ 쑰건μ μ΄λμ΄ λ΄κΈ°μλ λΆμ‘±ν΄λ³΄μΌμ§λ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ€. νμ§λ§,
$\forall a\in G$μ΄λ―λ‘ Eq.(2)μ $a$ λμ $a^{-1}$μ λ£μ΄λ μμ΄ μ±λ¦½νλ€. λ°λΌμ
\[\begin{aligned} aHa^{-1} \subseteq H &\quad (\forall a \in G) \\ a^{-1}Ha \subseteq H &\quad (\forall a \in G) \\ \end{aligned}\]κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κΈ°μ‘΄μ Eq.(2)μμ μλ³μ $a^{-1}$, $a$λ₯Ό μ·¨νλ©΄, μλμ λΆλ±μμ μ»λλ€.
\[\begin{aligned} aHa^{-1} \subseteq H &\implies a^{-1}(aHa^{-1})a \subseteq a^{-1}(H)a \\ &\implies H \subseteq a^{-1}Ha \end{aligned}\]$a^{-1}Ha \subseteq H$, $H \subseteq a^{-1}Ha$μ΄λ―λ‘ $a^{-1}Ha = H$μ΄λ€. μ¦, Normal Subgroupμ΄λ€! $\blacksquare$
Factor Group from Homomorphism
μ΄λ²μ Homomorphism $\phi$λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ Factor Groupμ μ μν΄λ³΄μ!
Theorem.
Let $\phi: G \longrightarrow Gβ$ be a group homormophism.
Then, $\ker \phi = \{ g \in G \mid \phi(G) = eβ\}$ is a normal subgroup.
proof.
We will show $g (\ker \phi) g^{-1} \subseteq \ker \phi \quad \forall g \in G$.
Letβs do a conjugation on $x \in \ker \phi$, $gxg^{-1}$
Then,
\[\begin{aligned} \phi(gxg^{-1}) = \phi(g) e' \phi(g^{-1}) = \phi(g) \phi(g^{-1}) = e' \end{aligned}\]λ°λΌμ $gxg^{-1} \in \ker \phi$μ΄λ€!
λ°λΌμ $g(\ker \phi)g^{-1} \subseteq \ker \phi \quad \forall g \in G$. $\blacksquare$
Property.
Every subgroup of abelian is normal.
Mappings in Group Theory
- Homo-morphism
- Iso-morphism
- Auto-morphism
- Endo-morsphim
Homo-morphism.
pass
Iso-morphism.
Homo-morphism + (1-1 & onto)
Auto-morphism.
Iso-morphism + (self mapping; $\phi: G \longrightarrow G$)
Endo-morphism.
Homo-morphism + (self mapping)
Inner Automorphism
Let $G$ be a group, and $g \in G$.
Define $\sigma_g$ as
\[\begin{aligned} \sigma_g: G &\longrightarrow G \\ x & \longmapsto gxg^{-1} \end{aligned}\]Then, $\sigma_g$ is a auto-morphism.
μ€μ λ‘ $\sigma_g$κ° Auto-morphismμΈμ§μ λν λΆλΆμ λ무 μ¬μμ μ-λ΅ νκ² λ€.
μ΄λ, $\sigma_g$λ $g \in G$κ° νλ μ£Όμ΄μ§ λλ§λ€ $\sigma_g$λ₯Ό μμ±ν μ μμΌλ―λ‘ βInner Auto-morphismβμ΄λΌκ³ νλ€!