2020-2ν•™κΈ°, λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ β€˜ν˜„λŒ€λŒ€μˆ˜1’ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ“£κ³  κ³΅λΆ€ν•œ λ°”λ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•œ κΈ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 지적은 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ ν™˜μ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ :)

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2020-2ν•™κΈ°, λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ β€˜ν˜„λŒ€λŒ€μˆ˜1’ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ“£κ³  κ³΅λΆ€ν•œ λ°”λ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•œ κΈ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 지적은 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ ν™˜μ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ :)


이번 νŒŒνŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” Division Algorithm 에 λŒ€ν•œ μΌλ°˜ν™”λ₯Ό 닀룬닀.



Euclidean Norm & Euclidean Domain


Definition.

A Euclidean norm on an integral domain $D$

is a function $\nu$ mapping the non-zero elements of $D$ into the non-negative integers

such that the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. For all $a, b \in D$ with $b \ne 0$, there exist $q$ and $r$ in $D$ s.t. $a = bq + r$, where either $r = 0$ or $\nu(r) = \nu(b)$.

  2. For all non-zero $a, b \in D$, $\nu(a) \le \nu(ab)$.

β€œEuclidean norm”을 λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 β€œEuclidean valuation”이라고도 ν•œλ‹€.


Definition.

An integral domain $D$ is an β€œEuclidean Domain”

if $\exists$ a Euclidean norm on $D$.


Example.

\[\begin{aligned} \mathbb{Z}^{*} &\longrightarrow \{ 1, 2, \cdots, \}\\ n &\longmapsto \left| n \right| \end{aligned}\]


Example.

\[\begin{aligned} F[x]^{*} &\longrightarrow \{0, 1, 2, \cdots \} \\ f(x) &\longmapsto \deg (f(x)) \end{aligned}\]




Theorem 46.4

Every Euclidean Domain is a PID.


proof.

Let $D$ be a Euclidean Domain with a Euclidean norm $\nu$.

Let $N$ be an ideal in $D$.

If $N = \{ 0 \}$, then $N = \left< 0 \right>$ and $N$ is principal.

Supp. that $N \ne \{ 0 \}$.

Then there exist some $b \ne 0$ in $N$ s.t. $\nu (b) \le \nu (n)$ for all $n \in N$.

Claim: $N = \left< b \right>$.

Let $a \in N$, then by Condition 1 for E.D.,

there exist $q$ and $r$ in $D$ s.t.

\[a = bq + r\]

where either $r = 0$ or $\nu (r) < \nu (b)$.

$r = a - bq$에 λŒ€ν•΄ $a, b \in N$μ΄λ―€λ‘œ $r \in N$이닀.($\because$ $N$ is an ideal)

minimal $\nu(b)$둜 $b$λ₯Ό κ³¨λžμœΌλ―€λ‘œ $r$이 $\nu(r) < \nu(b)$인 κ²½μš°λŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ $r = 0$이닀.

λ”°λΌμ„œ $a = bq$이닀.

이것은 Ideal $N$이 principal ideal $\left< b \right>$μž„μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€. $\blacksquare$


Corollary 46.5

Every Euclidean Domain is a UFD.

μœ„μ˜ 정리λ₯Ό 톡해 E.D.κ°€ PIDμž„μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 일반적으둜 λ°˜λŒ€ λͺ…μ œλŠ” μ„±λ¦½ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€!!

PIDκ°€ E.D.κ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ˆλŠ” 경우λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 생각보닀 쉽진 μ•Šλ‹€β€¦



Arithmetic in Euclidean Domains


Theorem 46.5

For a E.D. with Euclidean norm $\nu$,

  1. $\nu(1)$ is minimal among all $\nu(a)$ for non-zero $a \in D$.

  2. $u \in D$ is a unit $\iff$ $\nu(u) = \nu (1)$.


proof.

(1번 λͺ…μ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 증λͺ…)

Euclidean norm $\nu$의 λ‘λ²ˆμž¬ 쑰건에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ μ•„λž˜κ°€ μ„±λ¦½ν•œλ‹€.

\[\nu(1) \le \nu(1a) = \nu(a)\]

$\blacksquare$


(2번 λͺ…μ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 증λͺ…)

if $u$ is a unit in $D$, then

\[\nu (u) \le \nu (u u^{-1}) = \ne (1)\]

λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ $\nu (u) = \nu (1)$라면, division algorithm에 μ˜ν•΄ μ•„λž˜μ˜ 식이 μ„±λ¦½ν•œλ‹€.

\[1 = uq + r\]

where either $r=0$ or $\nu(r) < \nu(u)$

μ΄λ•Œ, $\nu(1)$은 E.D.의 λͺ¨λ“  μ›μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ minimal이고, $\nu(u) = \nu(1)$μ΄λ―€λ‘œ $\nu(r) < \nu(u)$인 κ²½μš°λŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€.

λ”°λΌμ„œ $r=0$이 되고, $1 = uq$μ΄λ―€λ‘œ $u$λŠ” unit이닀.

$\blacksquare$



Example.

For $\mathbb{Z}$, $\nu(n) = \left| n \right|$.

$\min \nu (n) = 1 = \nu (1)$.

when $\nu(n) = 1$, $n = 1, -1$.

그리고 $1, -1$은 $\mathbb{Z}$μ—μ„œ unit이닀.


Example.

$F[x]$, for non-zero $f(x)$, $\nu(f(x)) = \deg f(x)$.

$\min \ne(f(x)) = 0$.

$\nu(f(x)) = 0 = \nu (1)$ $\iff$ $f$: const

Therefore, $\mathcal{U}(F[x]) = F^{*}$.



Euclidean Algorithm

β€œμœ ν΄λ¦¬λ“œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜β€μ€ 두 μ •μˆ˜μ˜ GCDλ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄λ‹€.

이 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ •μˆ˜ μ§‘ν•© $\mathbb{Z}$을 μΌλ°˜ν™”ν•œ Euclidean Domainμ—μ„œ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬, β€œEuclidean Domainμ—μ„œ GCDλ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜β€μœΌλ‘œ μΌλ°˜ν™” ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€!!

μˆ˜μ—… λ•Œ λ‹€λ£¨μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ–΄μ„œ, λ³Έ κΈ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 짧게 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κ³  λ„˜μ–΄κ°€κ² λ‹€.



$\mathbb{Z}$와 $F[x]$λŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ Euclidean Domain이닀.

λ‹€μŒ ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμ—μ„  쑰금 νŠΉλ³„ν•˜κ³  μ€‘μš”ν•œ Euclidean Domain인 β€œGaussian Integer”에 λŒ€ν•΄ 닀룬닀. link