๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜, Cissoid, ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ์ปคํ”ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๋‹ค ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ๊นŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ โ˜•๏ธ

12 minute read

๋ณต์ˆ˜์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์กธ์—…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์–ด ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ’€์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ธฐ

๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜

์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋พฐ์กฑ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ๋พฐ์กฑ์ ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ $f(x) = \sin (1/x)$์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌดํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” $x=0$์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?? ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ „๊ณต์ฑ… ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋˜ ์ง๊ด€์„ ๊นจ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ช…์ œ์™€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Weierstrassโ€™s function.

\[f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a^n \cos (b^n \pi x)\]
  • $0 < a < 1$
  • $b$๋Š” ์–‘์˜ ํ™€์ˆ˜
  • $ab > 1 + 3\pi/2$

WeierstrassFunction.svg
By Eeyore22 - Own work, Public Domain, Link

ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹คโ€ฆ

์š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„์ง ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ•ด์„œโ€ฆ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ํŒจ์Šค ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค!!


Generalizing the Product Rule

๋‘ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณฑ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

\[\frac{d}{dx} (f(x)g(x)) = f(x)g'(x) + f'(x)g(x)\]

๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ, 4๊ฐœ ๊ณฑํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ผด์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?? ๋‹ต์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ๋ฐ, ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

\[\frac{d}{dx} (uvw) = uvw' + uv'w + u'vw\]

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ณฑ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ผด์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›€~~


About the Chain Rule

Supp. that $f(x) = x^2$ and $g(x) = |x|$. Then the composite

  • $(f \circ g)(x) = |x|^2 = x^2$
  • $(g \circ f)(x) = |x^2| = x^2$

are both differentiable at $x=0$ even though $g(x)$ itself is not differentiable at $x=0$. Does the contradict the Chain Rule?

๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, Chain Rule๊ณผ ์ƒ์ถฉ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € Chain Rule์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

If $g(x)$ is a function that is differentiable at a point $c$, i.e. the derivative $gโ€™(c)$ exists, and $f(x)$ is a function that is differentiable at $g(c)$, then the composite function $f \circ g$ is differentiable at $c$ โ€ฆ

Chain Rule์€ $gโ€™(c)$๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” $gโ€™(c=0)$๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Chain Rule์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.

์–ด๋ผ? Chain Rule์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ? ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” $(g \circ f)โ€™(x) = 2x$๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Chain Rule์€ $gโ€™(c)$๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.

The cissoid of Diocles

Cissoide2.svg
By HB - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Link

๊ต์žฌ ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ ‘์„ ๊ณผ ์ง๊ต์„ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์š”๊ฑธ ๋””์˜คํด๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์‹œ์†Œ์ด๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ Implit Function ์‹์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.

\[y^2(2-x) = x^3\]

์ผ๋‹จ ์ด ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹œ์†Œ์ด๋“œ(Cissoid)๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Cissoid

Allgemeine zissoide english.svg
By Kmhkmh - Own work, CC BY 4.0, Link

์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ ์œ„์— ์›์  $O$๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ (๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ถ„) $C_1$, $C_2$๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž.

์›์  $O$์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ฌดํ•œํžˆ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ณก์„  $C_1$, $C_2$์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ถ„ $\overrightarrow{OP}$๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ณก์„  $C_1$, $C_2$์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ $\overrightarrow{P_1 P_2}$๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์  $O$์—์„œ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑธ Cissoid๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

์‹ ์œ ๋„

Cissoid of Diocles.gif
By Dasha Mic - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Link

์ผ๋‹จ ์›์„ $C$, ์›์— ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ถ„์„ $L$๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‘์ž. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์› $C$์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์„ $a$๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‘๊ณ  $C$์™€ $L$์„ ๊ทน์ขŒํ‘œ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} C: r = 2a \cos \theta \\ L: r = 2a \sec \theta \end{aligned}\]

Cissoid์˜ ์ •์˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ทน ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ $L - C$๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

\[r = 2a (\sec \theta - \cos \theta)\]

์š” ์‹์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋ฉด

\[\begin{aligned} r &= 2a \left( \frac{1}{\cos \theta} - \cos \theta \right) \\ &= 2a \frac{1 - \sin^2 \theta}{\cos \theta} \\ &= 2a \sin^2 \theta / \cos \theta \\ &= 2a \sin \theta \tan \theta \end{aligned}\]

์ด์ œ ๊ทน ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ง๊ต ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} x &= r \cos \theta = 2a \sin^2 \theta \\ y &= r \sin \theta = 2a \sin^2 \tan \theta \end{aligned}\]

์ด๋•Œ, $t = \tan \theta$๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  parametric equation(๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด๋ฉดโ€ฆ

\[\sin^2 \theta = \frac{t^2}{1 + t^2}\]

์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ

\[\begin{aligned} x &= 2a \sin^2 \theta = \frac{2a t^2}{1 + t^2} \\ y &= 2a \sin^2 \tan \theta = \frac{2a t^3}{1 + t^2} \end{aligned}\]

์ด์ œ ์š” ์‹์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด์ž. $y = xt$์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $t = y/x$๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} x &= \frac{2a y^2 / x^2}{1 + y^2 / x^2} \\ &= \frac{2a y^2}{ x^2 + y^2} \end{aligned}\]

์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹์ด ๋„์ถœ ๋œ๋‹ค.

\[x(x^2 + y^2) = 2ay^2\]

$\blacksquare$

Applications

Making Coffee

Thomas Calculus 13th ed. - Example Problem

์›๋ฟ”๊ณผ ์›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค. ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ์ปคํ”ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋จน์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ์„œ ํ’€์–ด๋ดค๋‹ค ใ…‹ใ…‹

์ผ๋‹จ ์›๋ฟ”๊ณผ ์›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค.

\[V_1(t) + V_2(t) = \text{const.}\]

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ $t=0$ ๋•Œ ์›๋ฟ”์— ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š”

\[V_1(t=0) = \pi r^2 \cdot 1/3 \cdot h = 18 \pi\]

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ $10 t$ ๋งŒํผ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} V_1(t) &= 18 \pi - 10 t \\ V_2(t) &= 10 t \end{aligned}\]

์ด์ œ ์œ„์˜ ๋‘ ์‹์„ ๋†’์ด $h_1(t)$, $h_2(t)$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด์ž.

์›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋‹ˆ ๋จผ์ € ๊ตฌํ•˜์ž.

\[\begin{aligned} V_2(t) &= 10 t = 3^2 \pi \cdot h_2(t) \\ h_2(t) &= \frac{10 t}{9 \pi} \end{aligned}\]

์ด์ œ ์›๋ฟ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋†’์ด $h_1(t)$๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์›๋ฟ”์—์„œ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 2:1 ๋น„์œจ์ด๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ‘๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์€ $h_1(t)/2$๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธด ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋‹ค.

\[V_1(t) = 18 \pi - 10 t = (h_1(t)/2)^2 \pi \cdot 1/3 \cdot h_1(t) = \frac{\pi \cdot (h_1(t))^3}{12}\]

์ด๋•Œ, ์›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ๊ณผ ์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด์ž.

๋จผ์ € ์›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค.

\[h_2'(t) = \frac{10}{9\pi}\]

์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์€ ์›๋ฟ” ๋†’์ด์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ์— ๋ฐ˜๋น„๋ก€ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} V_1'(t) = - 10 &= \frac{\pi}{12} \cdot 3 (h_1(t))^2 h_1'(t) \\ h_1'(t) &\propto - 1 / h_1(t)^2 \end{aligned}\]

์ฆ‰, ์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์›๋ฟ”์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. $\blacksquare$

์‚ฌ์‹ค $h_1(t)$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹์„ Implicit Function ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ $t$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  Implicit Function์—์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋†’์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ์•„๋Š”๋ฐ ๋” ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

exponential function defined by limit

Show that

\[\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \left( 1 + \frac{x}{n} \right)^n = e^x\]

for any $x > 0$.

$1^{\infty}$ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค! ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $\ln$์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋กœํ”ผํƒˆ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ โ€œ๊ต์žฌ์—์„œโ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Let $f(n) = \left( 1 + \frac{x}{n} \right)^n$, we will see $\lim \ln f(n)$.

\[\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \ln f(n) &= \lim n \cdot \ln (1 + x/n) \\ &= \lim \frac{\ln(1+x/n)}{1/n} \end{aligned}\]

์š”๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋ฉด $0 / 0$ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋กœํ”ผํƒˆ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๊ทนํ•œ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค!

\[\lim \frac{\ln(1+x/n)}{1/n} \rightarrow \lim \frac{\frac{1}{1+x/n} \cdot - \frac{x}{n^2}}{- 1 / n^2} = \lim \frac{n x}{n + x} = \lim \ln f(n)\]

์ด์ œ $\ln$์„ ์”Œ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ’€์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด

\[\begin{aligned} \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} f(n) &= \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} e^{\ln f(n)} \\ &= \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} e^{\frac{nx}{n+x}} \\ &= \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} e^{x \cdot \frac{n}{n+x}} \\ \end{aligned}\]

์ด๋•Œ $\frac{n}{n+x}$์˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์€ $1$๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ $e^x$๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. $\blacksquare$

Newtonโ€™s Serpentine

Newton์ด ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•œ Cubic Curve. ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

\[y(x^2 + a^2) = abx\]

๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ

  • ์›์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ „.
  • $x$์ถ•์ด ์ ๊ทผ์„ 
  • ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ’์€ $y = \pm b / 2$ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌ

Parametric Equation

Serpentine Curve๋ฅผ parametric equation์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

\[\begin{aligned} x &= a \tan t \\ y &= b \sin t \cos t \end{aligned}\]

์ด๋•Œ ์‹์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด Explicit Form์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค!!

\[\begin{aligned} \arctan x/a &= t \\ y = b \sin t \cos t &= b \sin (2t) \\ \end{aligned}\]

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $y = b \sin (2 \cdot \arctan x / a)$์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด Implicit Form์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ใ…Žใ…Ž

์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

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